AUCTORES
Globalize your Research
Case report | DOI: https://doi.org/10.31579/2578-8949/104
Department of Medicine, Defence Services Medical Academy, Mingalardon 11021, Myanmar
*Corresponding Author: Khin Phyu Pyar
Citation: Khin P. Pyar, Khine K. Su, Wunna K., Win K. K. Ko Min, Soe W. Hlaing at el. (2022) A case of Cervical Cold Abscess Refractory to Empirical Anti-Tubercular Therapy due to Mycobacterium Fortuitum: Awareness on Non-Tuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM) Infection! Dermatology and Dermatitis. 7(3); DOI:10.31579/2578-8949/104
Copyright: ©2022 Khin Phyu Pyar, this is an open-access article distributed under the terms of The Creative Commons. Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Received: 03 August 2022 | Accepted: 20 August 2022 | Published: 05 September 2022
Keywords: cold abscess; tuberculous lymphadenopathy; non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM); mycobacterium fortuitum;
A third-year medical student, 19 years, had multiple cold abscess at left posterior triangle with systemic symptoms- poor appetite and weight loss. Histopathology was consistent with tuberculous lymphadenopathy as it showed Langham’s giant cells and caseation necrosis. Both systemic symptoms and local lesions were refractory to empirical treatment for tuberculosis standard anti-tubercular therapy: isoniazid, rifampicin, ethambutol and pyrazinamide. Pus for Gene Xpart was negative. Pus culture showed non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM); Mycobacterium fortuitum.
The aetiology of cold abscess is mainly due to tuberculosis i.e Mycobacterium tuberculosis; therefore, it resolves with standard anti-tubercular therapy. However, it may be rarely due to NTM infection.
Infections caused by NTM are increasing particularly in developing countries; and, NTM causes severe respiratory, skin and mucosal infections in humans. They are difficult to treat as it has intrinsic resistance to many common antibiotics (Johansen et al., 2020). NTM includes all Mycobacterium infection except Mycobacterium tuberculosis; they are Mycobacterium fortuitum, Mycobacterium abscessus, Mycobacterium intracellulare, Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium simiae.
Mycobacterium fortuitum is a rapidly growing mycobacteria, generally of low virulence; however, it is capable of causing a wide spectrum of infections (De Groote & Huitt, 2006). It causes skin and soft-tissue infection producing slowly progressive granulomatous disease. Pulmonary disease and disseminated infection are relatively uncommon (Gebo et al., 2002) though there were case reports; “Mycobacterium fortuitum infection in previously healthy lung” (Park et al., 2008) and those with underlying cystic fibrosis (Johansen & Kremer, n.d.). Moreover, it rarely caused peritonitis in patients on chronic peritoneal dialysis (Hamade et al., 2014) , acute central nervous system infection in patient with ventriculoperitoneal shunt (Xess et al., 2019), choroidal granuloma (da Silva Neto et al., 2019), disseminated folliculitis (Macente et al., 2013) and retroperitoneal cold abscess (Nguyen et al., 2009).
A 19-year-old girl, third year medical student had COVID-19 infection in third wave; she had fever and cough for one week. She recovered with symptomatic treatment; she was back to normal for one month. Later on, she had poor appetite for 3 months and also noticed weight loss 9 pounds (95 lb to 86 lb) over that period. Then, she noticed painful swelling in left side of neck with fever [1].
Figure: (1) Self photo showing swelling at left neck
There was no dental problem or swallowing problem. There was no organomegaly or other lymphadenopathy. She had BCG vaccination; there was no history of tuberculosis before.
Blood for complete picture was normal apart from mild anemia (Hb 10.9
gm%, Total WBC 7.3 x 109 /L, N 57%, L34 %, M7%; platelet count 339 x 109 /L), ESR 35 mm/1st hr. Chest radiograph revealed calcification in hilar area compatible with old healed primary complex; no parenchymal lesion [2].
Figure: (2) CXR revealed hilar calcification suggestive of old healed primary complex
On examination, 4 cm tender left cervical lymphadenopathy at posterior triangle with features of abscess was noted. Lymph nodes in other areas were not palpable. Tonsils were normal. ENT surgeon did incisional biopsy; brownish pus 3 cc was drained. The culture was sterile. The histopathological sample showed giant cells with caseous necrosis. Figure [3, 4, 5]
Figure: (3) Low power view showing multiple area of caseation necrosis in the cervical lymph node biopsy
Figure: (4) Low power view showing multiple area of caseation necrosis with Langhan’s giant cells in the cervical lymph node biopsy
Figure: (5) Large area of caseation necrosis
Therefore, she was treated as a case of tuberculous cervical lymphadenopathy with isoniazid, rifampicin, ethambutol and pyrazinamide. Her appetite was still poor; moreover, she still had intermittent fever.
Three months later, there was another swelling below previous lesion; and, it was painful. Apart from cold abscess, no new physical finding was noted. Figure [6] As it had features of abscess, incision and drainage was done. Pus for culture was sterile.
Figure: (9) recurrence of abscess in upper old scar with healed lower scar after 4 months anti-tubercular therapy
Anti-tubercular therapy was continued while waiting for culture results of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Figure [7] & Figure [8] showed progress. She had poor appetite and felt unwell.
Figure: (6) old incision scar with 2 abscesses below after 2 months anti-tubercular therapy
Figure: (7) old incision scar with 2 abscesses below after incision and drainage after 2 months anti-tubercular therapy
Figure: (8) old incision scar with healing lower one after 3 months anti-tubercular therapy
After 4 months of anti-tubercular therapy, a small abscess with underlying 1 cm indurated area was noted over the old healed scar. Figure [9].
After several negative cultures of the material drained from the abscesses, finally one of the cultures isolated the agent Mycobacterium fortuitum. Therefore, anti-tubercular therapy was discontinued; clarithromycin and ciprofloxacin were initiated. Three days later, she had good appetite and felt better. The small abscess over old upper scar resolved over one months. Figure [10].
Figure: (10) Improvement two weeks after treatment for non-mycobacterium tuberculosis
First, the patient had poor appetite following COVID-19 infection; she recovered completely within few weeks. One month later, she lost her appetite with significant weight loss for 3 months. Then, she noticed painful swelling in neck. The scenario should not be confused with long COVID syndrome as the patient had complete recovery period for one month. It highlighted the importance of history taking.
The patient had unilateral cervical lymphadenopathy with cold abscess. Typical tuberculous cervical lymphadenopathy is usually bilateral; and, unilateral involvement is not common. It is one of the reasons for presenting this case.
The diagnosis of tuberculous cold abscess was confirmed with histopathological examination; therefore, empirical anti-tubercular therapy was prescribed. However, the patient’s appetite was still not good with ongoing weight loss with definitive treatment; empirical anti-tubercular therapy. The important differential diagnosis to be considered at this point were drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis, non-mycobacterial (NTM) infection like Mycobacterium fortuitum, nocardiosis and actinomycosis; they could be differentiated by special culture and sensitivity. Drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis is common in pulmonary tuberculosis; not with cold abscess. In actinomycosis, typical yellowish sulfur granules can be seen in discharge. Bacterial cultures and pathology are the cornerstone of diagnosis.
Moreover, untoward effects of anti-tubercular drugs causing poor appetite could not be ignored in this case. If poor appetite was due to drug side effect, the local abscess should be responsive. Having both local lesion unresponsiveness and persistence of poor appetite gave a clue to different aetiology/causal organism in this case.
Side effects of standard anti-tubercular therapy are common. Are the patient suffering side effects of drugs? Isoniazid, rifampicin and pyrazinamide commonly cause hepatotoxicity; jaundice, nausea and raised liver parenchyma enzymes are clue to drug induced hepatitis. In this case, liver function tests were normal; therefore, the appetite problem could not be explained with side effects of drugs.
Mycobacterium fortuitum is notorious for anti-microbial resistance. The case presented with unilateral lesion with marked systemic features; and, systemic features as well as local lesion improved with clarithromycin and ciprofloxacin which are sensitive for Mycobacterium fortuitum.
Both histopathological and special microbiological services are essential for NTM infections. High index of clinical suspicion for NTM is important if cold abscess is not responding to standard anti-tubercular therapy. Mycobacterium fortuitum is often regarded as one of the most antibiotic-resistant mycobacteria, leaving us with few therapeutic options. With an increasing prevalence of NTM worldwide, all clinicians should recognize and treat NTM infections
The authors would like to thank the patient for giving consent to this article. Also, to all doctors and nursing team for making great efforts in caring him. The authors acknowledged the following team; Professor Kyaw Min Oo, Senior Consultant ENT surgeon, Professor Myint Zaw, Professor Kyaw Zay Ya and Professor Ko Ko Lwin for administrative support.
The authors declared no potential conflicts of interests with respect to authorship and publication of this article.
Our institution does not require ethical approval for reporting cases.
The authors received no financial support for publication of this article
The informed consent for publication in this article was obtained from patient.
Clearly Auctoresonline and particularly Psychology and Mental Health Care Journal is dedicated to improving health care services for individuals and populations. The editorial boards' ability to efficiently recognize and share the global importance of health literacy with a variety of stakeholders. Auctoresonline publishing platform can be used to facilitate of optimal client-based services and should be added to health care professionals' repertoire of evidence-based health care resources.
Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Intervention The submission and review process was adequate. However I think that the publication total value should have been enlightened in early fases. Thank you for all.
Journal of Women Health Care and Issues By the present mail, I want to say thank to you and tour colleagues for facilitating my published article. Specially thank you for the peer review process, support from the editorial office. I appreciate positively the quality of your journal.
Journal of Clinical Research and Reports I would be very delighted to submit my testimonial regarding the reviewer board and the editorial office. The reviewer board were accurate and helpful regarding any modifications for my manuscript. And the editorial office were very helpful and supportive in contacting and monitoring with any update and offering help. It was my pleasure to contribute with your promising Journal and I am looking forward for more collaboration.
We would like to thank the Journal of Thoracic Disease and Cardiothoracic Surgery because of the services they provided us for our articles. The peer-review process was done in a very excellent time manner, and the opinions of the reviewers helped us to improve our manuscript further. The editorial office had an outstanding correspondence with us and guided us in many ways. During a hard time of the pandemic that is affecting every one of us tremendously, the editorial office helped us make everything easier for publishing scientific work. Hope for a more scientific relationship with your Journal.
The peer-review process which consisted high quality queries on the paper. I did answer six reviewers’ questions and comments before the paper was accepted. The support from the editorial office is excellent.
Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. I had the experience of publishing a research article recently. The whole process was simple from submission to publication. The reviewers made specific and valuable recommendations and corrections that improved the quality of my publication. I strongly recommend this Journal.
Dr. Katarzyna Byczkowska My testimonial covering: "The peer review process is quick and effective. The support from the editorial office is very professional and friendly. Quality of the Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on cardiology that is useful for other professionals in the field.
Thank you most sincerely, with regard to the support you have given in relation to the reviewing process and the processing of my article entitled "Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of The Prostate Gland: A Review and Update" for publication in your esteemed Journal, Journal of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics". The editorial team has been very supportive.
Testimony of Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology: work with your Reviews has been a educational and constructive experience. The editorial office were very helpful and supportive. It was a pleasure to contribute to your Journal.
Dr. Bernard Terkimbi Utoo, I am happy to publish my scientific work in Journal of Women Health Care and Issues (JWHCI). The manuscript submission was seamless and peer review process was top notch. I was amazed that 4 reviewers worked on the manuscript which made it a highly technical, standard and excellent quality paper. I appreciate the format and consideration for the APC as well as the speed of publication. It is my pleasure to continue with this scientific relationship with the esteem JWHCI.
This is an acknowledgment for peer reviewers, editorial board of Journal of Clinical Research and Reports. They show a lot of consideration for us as publishers for our research article “Evaluation of the different factors associated with side effects of COVID-19 vaccination on medical students, Mutah university, Al-Karak, Jordan”, in a very professional and easy way. This journal is one of outstanding medical journal.
Dear Hao Jiang, to Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing We greatly appreciate the efficient, professional and rapid processing of our paper by your team. If there is anything else we should do, please do not hesitate to let us know. On behalf of my co-authors, we would like to express our great appreciation to editor and reviewers.
As an author who has recently published in the journal "Brain and Neurological Disorders". I am delighted to provide a testimonial on the peer review process, editorial office support, and the overall quality of the journal. The peer review process at Brain and Neurological Disorders is rigorous and meticulous, ensuring that only high-quality, evidence-based research is published. The reviewers are experts in their fields, and their comments and suggestions were constructive and helped improve the quality of my manuscript. The review process was timely and efficient, with clear communication from the editorial office at each stage. The support from the editorial office was exceptional throughout the entire process. The editorial staff was responsive, professional, and always willing to help. They provided valuable guidance on formatting, structure, and ethical considerations, making the submission process seamless. Moreover, they kept me informed about the status of my manuscript and provided timely updates, which made the process less stressful. The journal Brain and Neurological Disorders is of the highest quality, with a strong focus on publishing cutting-edge research in the field of neurology. The articles published in this journal are well-researched, rigorously peer-reviewed, and written by experts in the field. The journal maintains high standards, ensuring that readers are provided with the most up-to-date and reliable information on brain and neurological disorders. In conclusion, I had a wonderful experience publishing in Brain and Neurological Disorders. The peer review process was thorough, the editorial office provided exceptional support, and the journal's quality is second to none. I would highly recommend this journal to any researcher working in the field of neurology and brain disorders.
Dear Agrippa Hilda, Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery, Editorial Coordinator, I trust this message finds you well. I want to extend my appreciation for considering my article for publication in your esteemed journal. I am pleased to provide a testimonial regarding the peer review process and the support received from your editorial office. The peer review process for my paper was carried out in a highly professional and thorough manner. The feedback and comments provided by the authors were constructive and very useful in improving the quality of the manuscript. This rigorous assessment process undoubtedly contributes to the high standards maintained by your journal.
International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. I strongly recommend to consider submitting your work to this high-quality journal. The support and availability of the Editorial staff is outstanding and the review process was both efficient and rigorous.
Thank you very much for publishing my Research Article titled “Comparing Treatment Outcome Of Allergic Rhinitis Patients After Using Fluticasone Nasal Spray And Nasal Douching" in the Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology. As Medical Professionals we are immensely benefited from study of various informative Articles and Papers published in this high quality Journal. I look forward to enriching my knowledge by regular study of the Journal and contribute my future work in the field of ENT through the Journal for use by the medical fraternity. The support from the Editorial office was excellent and very prompt. I also welcome the comments received from the readers of my Research Article.
Dear Erica Kelsey, Editorial Coordinator of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics Our team is very satisfied with the processing of our paper by your journal. That was fast, efficient, rigorous, but without unnecessary complications. We appreciated the very short time between the submission of the paper and its publication on line on your site.
I am very glad to say that the peer review process is very successful and fast and support from the Editorial Office. Therefore, I would like to continue our scientific relationship for a long time. And I especially thank you for your kindly attention towards my article. Have a good day!
"We recently published an article entitled “Influence of beta-Cyclodextrins upon the Degradation of Carbofuran Derivatives under Alkaline Conditions" in the Journal of “Pesticides and Biofertilizers” to show that the cyclodextrins protect the carbamates increasing their half-life time in the presence of basic conditions This will be very helpful to understand carbofuran behaviour in the analytical, agro-environmental and food areas. We greatly appreciated the interaction with the editor and the editorial team; we were particularly well accompanied during the course of the revision process, since all various steps towards publication were short and without delay".
I would like to express my gratitude towards you process of article review and submission. I found this to be very fair and expedient. Your follow up has been excellent. I have many publications in national and international journal and your process has been one of the best so far. Keep up the great work.
We are grateful for this opportunity to provide a glowing recommendation to the Journal of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy. We found that the editorial team were very supportive, helpful, kept us abreast of timelines and over all very professional in nature. The peer review process was rigorous, efficient and constructive that really enhanced our article submission. The experience with this journal remains one of our best ever and we look forward to providing future submissions in the near future.
I am very pleased to serve as EBM of the journal, I hope many years of my experience in stem cells can help the journal from one way or another. As we know, stem cells hold great potential for regenerative medicine, which are mostly used to promote the repair response of diseased, dysfunctional or injured tissue using stem cells or their derivatives. I think Stem Cell Research and Therapeutics International is a great platform to publish and share the understanding towards the biology and translational or clinical application of stem cells.
I would like to give my testimony in the support I have got by the peer review process and to support the editorial office where they were of asset to support young author like me to be encouraged to publish their work in your respected journal and globalize and share knowledge across the globe. I really give my great gratitude to your journal and the peer review including the editorial office.
I am delighted to publish our manuscript entitled "A Perspective on Cocaine Induced Stroke - Its Mechanisms and Management" in the Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. The peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal are excellent. The manuscripts published are of high quality and of excellent scientific value. I recommend this journal very much to colleagues.
Dr.Tania Muñoz, My experience as researcher and author of a review article in The Journal Clinical Cardiology and Interventions has been very enriching and stimulating. The editorial team is excellent, performs its work with absolute responsibility and delivery. They are proactive, dynamic and receptive to all proposals. Supporting at all times the vast universe of authors who choose them as an option for publication. The team of review specialists, members of the editorial board, are brilliant professionals, with remarkable performance in medical research and scientific methodology. Together they form a frontline team that consolidates the JCCI as a magnificent option for the publication and review of high-level medical articles and broad collective interest. I am honored to be able to share my review article and open to receive all your comments.
“The peer review process of JPMHC is quick and effective. Authors are benefited by good and professional reviewers with huge experience in the field of psychology and mental health. The support from the editorial office is very professional. People to contact to are friendly and happy to help and assist any query authors might have. Quality of the Journal is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on mental health that is useful for other professionals in the field”.
Dear editorial department: On behalf of our team, I hereby certify the reliability and superiority of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews in the peer review process, editorial support, and journal quality. Firstly, the peer review process of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is rigorous, fair, transparent, fast, and of high quality. The editorial department invites experts from relevant fields as anonymous reviewers to review all submitted manuscripts. These experts have rich academic backgrounds and experience, and can accurately evaluate the academic quality, originality, and suitability of manuscripts. The editorial department is committed to ensuring the rigor of the peer review process, while also making every effort to ensure a fast review cycle to meet the needs of authors and the academic community. Secondly, the editorial team of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is composed of a group of senior scholars and professionals with rich experience and professional knowledge in related fields. The editorial department is committed to assisting authors in improving their manuscripts, ensuring their academic accuracy, clarity, and completeness. Editors actively collaborate with authors, providing useful suggestions and feedback to promote the improvement and development of the manuscript. We believe that the support of the editorial department is one of the key factors in ensuring the quality of the journal. Finally, the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is renowned for its high- quality articles and strict academic standards. The editorial department is committed to publishing innovative and academically valuable research results to promote the development and progress of related fields. The International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is reasonably priced and ensures excellent service and quality ratio, allowing authors to obtain high-level academic publishing opportunities in an affordable manner. I hereby solemnly declare that the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews has a high level of credibility and superiority in terms of peer review process, editorial support, reasonable fees, and journal quality. Sincerely, Rui Tao.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions I testity the covering of the peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, we deeply appreciate the interest shown in our work and its publication. It has been a true pleasure to collaborate with you. The peer review process, as well as the support provided by the editorial office, have been exceptional, and the quality of the journal is very high, which was a determining factor in our decision to publish with you.
The peer reviewers process is quick and effective, the supports from editorial office is excellent, the quality of journal is high. I would like to collabroate with Internatioanl journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews journal clinically in the future time.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, I would like to express my sincerest gratitude for the trust placed in our team for the publication in your journal. It has been a true pleasure to collaborate with you on this project. I am pleased to inform you that both the peer review process and the attention from the editorial coordination have been excellent. Your team has worked with dedication and professionalism to ensure that your publication meets the highest standards of quality. We are confident that this collaboration will result in mutual success, and we are eager to see the fruits of this shared effort.
Dear Dr. Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator 0f Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, I hope this message finds you well. I want to express my utmost gratitude for your excellent work and for the dedication and speed in the publication process of my article titled "Navigating Innovation: Qualitative Insights on Using Technology for Health Education in Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients." I am very satisfied with the peer review process, the support from the editorial office, and the quality of the journal. I hope we can maintain our scientific relationship in the long term.
Dear Monica Gissare, - Editorial Coordinator of Nutrition and Food Processing. ¨My testimony with you is truly professional, with a positive response regarding the follow-up of the article and its review, you took into account my qualities and the importance of the topic¨.
Dear Dr. Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator 0f Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, The review process for the article “The Handling of Anti-aggregants and Anticoagulants in the Oncologic Heart Patient Submitted to Surgery” was extremely rigorous and detailed. From the initial submission to the final acceptance, the editorial team at the “Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions” demonstrated a high level of professionalism and dedication. The reviewers provided constructive and detailed feedback, which was essential for improving the quality of our work. Communication was always clear and efficient, ensuring that all our questions were promptly addressed. The quality of the “Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions” is undeniable. It is a peer-reviewed, open-access publication dedicated exclusively to disseminating high-quality research in the field of clinical cardiology and cardiovascular interventions. The journal's impact factor is currently under evaluation, and it is indexed in reputable databases, which further reinforces its credibility and relevance in the scientific field. I highly recommend this journal to researchers looking for a reputable platform to publish their studies.
Dear Editorial Coordinator of the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing! "I would like to thank the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing for including and publishing my article. The peer review process was very quick, movement and precise. The Editorial Board has done an extremely conscientious job with much help, valuable comments and advices. I find the journal very valuable from a professional point of view, thank you very much for allowing me to be part of it and I would like to participate in the future!”
Dealing with The Journal of Neurology and Neurological Surgery was very smooth and comprehensive. The office staff took time to address my needs and the response from editors and the office was prompt and fair. I certainly hope to publish with this journal again.Their professionalism is apparent and more than satisfactory. Susan Weiner
My Testimonial Covering as fellowing: Lin-Show Chin. The peer reviewers process is quick and effective, the supports from editorial office is excellent, the quality of journal is high. I would like to collabroate with Internatioanl journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews.
My experience publishing in Psychology and Mental Health Care was exceptional. The peer review process was rigorous and constructive, with reviewers providing valuable insights that helped enhance the quality of our work. The editorial team was highly supportive and responsive, making the submission process smooth and efficient. The journal's commitment to high standards and academic rigor makes it a respected platform for quality research. I am grateful for the opportunity to publish in such a reputable journal.
My experience publishing in International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews was exceptional. I Come forth to Provide a Testimonial Covering the Peer Review Process and the editorial office for the Professional and Impartial Evaluation of the Manuscript.
I would like to offer my testimony in the support. I have received through the peer review process and support the editorial office where they are to support young authors like me, encourage them to publish their work in your esteemed journals, and globalize and share knowledge globally. I really appreciate your journal, peer review, and editorial office.
