AUCTORES
Globalize your Research
Review Article | DOI: https://doi.org/10.31579/2640-1053/190
Former, Director Grade Scientist, Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India.
*Corresponding Author: P. D. Gupta, Former, Director Grade Scientist, Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India.
Citation: P. D. Gupta (2024), What brings stress in terms of human health? J. Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics, 8(3); DOI:10.31579/2640-1053/190
Copyright: © 2024, P. D. Gupta. this is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Received: 05 March 2024 | Accepted: 12 March 2024 | Published: 20 March 2024
Keywords: cancer; immune response; pregnancy; obesity; premature aging
Everyone experiences stress and each one deals with it differently. It affects almost every system of our body.Recent researches unfold its effects not only to adult humans but even to developing babies in the womb. Stress can lead togastrointestinal disorders including obesity, mood changes, and irregular or troublesome menstrual periods leave besides cardiac and brain disorders. It also have influence on gut microbiota which in turn regulate many of our physiological events in the body and systems including immune responses.
Stress is a natural human response that prompts us to address challenges and threats in our lives. Almost everyone experiences stress once in a while though, depending on situation degree of stress may vary. Every one deals with stress differently. To some one certain event might make feel stressed sometimes, but not every time and it is also true that the same event may not make stressed to others. The American Psychological Association classified stress in three types, viz. acute stress, episodic acute stress, and chronic stress — can all make us feel out of sorts or even ill, but chronic stress is often ignored. The human body's normal response changes according to change in situation. When a person is stressed, there are numerous hormonal changes that occur in the body, which helps the body to cope with the situation. This chemical reaction is known as the fight-and-flight response [1].
Physiology precedes psychology in terms of stress, when a person experiences stress, the body’s physiology changes, there are three stages to stress: the alarm stage, the resistance stage and the exhaustion stage the body acts accordingly [2]. The alarm stage is when the central nervous system is awakened, causing the body's defenses to assemble. it releases 3 hormones namely, epinephrine (adrenaline), cortisol, and norepinephrine. These hormones are designed to help to deal with stressful situations by increasing our heart rate, blood pressure, and blood sugar levels. While adrenaline has reasonably predictable effects on most people, the interplay between cortisol and the body varies greatly depending on lifestyle, body chemistry, and genetic makeup of the person under stress. Stress symptoms can affect human body, thoughts and feelings, and in turn behaviour. Stress that's not dealt with can lead to many health problems, such as high blood pressure, heart disease, stroke, obesity and diabetes.
Body respond to stress
Stress causing factors are not something special; they are embedded in our daily routine, environmental and economic conditions. When the body is under stress, it leads to changes in hormones due to this there would be changes in the hormone targeted organs. More commonly, it can lead to stress-induced gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms, mood changes, and irregular or troublesome menstrual periods.
Severe stress can lead to sudden, temporary weakening and dysfunction of the heart which may lead to serious complications such as ischemia to the heart, High blood pressure, anxiety due to this palpitations, chest pressure, insomnia, dry mouth, panic attacks including sudden death.
Cancer
Stress appears to be linked to cancer risk it may not be direct, firstly because weakened immune system to getting viral infections, including SARS-CoV-2,and cancer. [3,4] secondly, people under chronic stress may develop certain unhealthy behaviors, such as smoking, overeating, becoming less active, or drinking alcohol, that are themselves associated with increased risks of some cancers. Therefore, studies conducted to date have had varying results.
One case-control study among Canadian men found an association between workplace stress and the risk of prostate cancer, whereas a similar study did not find such an association. [5, 6] A prospective study among more than 100,000 UK women reported no association between the risk of breast cancer and perceived stress levels or adverse life events in the preceding 5 years. [7]
A 15-year prospective study of Australian women at increased risk of familial breast cancer found no association between acute and chronic stressors, social support, optimism, or other emotional characteristics and the risk of breast cancer. [8]
In a 2008 meta-analysis of 142 prospective studies among people in Asia, Australasia, Europe, and America, stress was associated with a higher incidence of lung cancer. [9]
A 2019 meta-analysis of nine observational studies in Europe and North America also found an association between work stress and risk of lung, colorectal, and esophageal cancers. [10]
Though the understanding of the complex relationship between stress immune cells and cancer is still very nascent, chronic stress increases metastasis in at least in mouse model through a mechanism whereby stress hormones trigger neutrophils to form neutrophil extracellular traps that create a metastasis-friendly environment. “This new finding helps us better understand how stress can impact the spread of cancer and may provide new opportunities or treating and preventing metastasis.” “This discovery sparked our curiosity to understand whether and how chronic stress exposure can impact metastasis,”
The researchers point out that their study could have implications for the use of synthetic glucocorticoids, such as dexamethasone, which are widely used to overcome the side effects of chemotherapy and to treat symptoms of advanced cancer [11].
Stress during pregnancy
As far type of food is concerned it is true that “You are What your Mother Ate” [12], but how about stress? Most recently, some studies are suggesting that stress in the womb can affect a baby's temperament and neurobehavioral development while pregnant. Mothers who experienced high levels of stress their infants particularly in the first trimester, show signs of more depression and irritability [13]. If throughout pregnancy, cortisol levels are high peak during the third trimester, had unexpected birth complications [14].
Gut Microbes
Out of all types of flora and fauna present in the gut microbiota bacteria are the most studied microbes in relation to human stress, and mood, in addition to other factors such as diet, environment, etc. The basic studies have indicated that gut microbiota can regulate brain function through the gut-brain axis. There are various ways to convey psychological stress to the gut [15] however recently, a new bone marrow mediated pathway was also discovered [16] Stress and anxiety which are common in mental diseases and can affect health through gut bacteria since a variety of physical disorders, and dysbiosis of intestinal microbiota was related to anxiety highlighting the role that immune cells play as messengers that convey. The heightened inflammation that frequently accompanies stress and depression triggers blooms of pathogenic bacteria that encourage dysbiosis and a leaky gut [17]
Immune System
Stress affects potentially our immune system too [ 18]. But mechanism of action of stress on immune system is still not fully explored. Nevertheless, lately Poller et al. [19] They tried to provide mechanistic insights for this phenomenon. They found that acute stress uses distinct brain circuits to regulate leukocyte dynamics and contribute to differential disease susceptibility in response to either autoimmune challenge or viral infection. Stress can reduce the number of natural killer cells or lymphocytes in the body, which are needed to fight viruses, according to the American Psychological Association. Chronic stress-related increases in glucocorticoids may impair antibody response by decreasing the number of mature B lymphocytes available to become antibody producing cells [20-22].
Obesity
It has long been theorized that an association exists between long-term stress and obesity. Stress can also enhance weight gain and fat deposition through changes in feeding behaviour [23]. Prolonged stress can affect mental as well physical health. It leads to a little extra weight around the middle, and extra abdominal fat. Chronic stress can lead to “comfort eating,” due to change in the pattern of food intake, dietary preference, and the rewarding properties of foods body's response to increased levels of cortisol, getting a handle on stress is a priority if you want to prevent stress-related weight gain. When insulin and cortisol levels are high very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) is a fatty acid released from fat cells and on its way, there it damages other tissue within your body as it travels [24].
Premature aging
Stress brings cascade of biological responses in the body because of release of stress hormones such as cortisol and adrenaline; due to this inflammation and damage to DNA and cells take place. “Biological Aging” gets accelerated if stress is prolonged for period of time. Stress can lead to oxidative stress which is responsible for the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Oxidative stress can damage cells, proteins, and DNA, leading to premature aging. Stress induces secretion of glucocorticoids, which leads to the generation of ROS through increased mitochondrial activity. ROS preferentially damages telomeres and inhibits telomerase activity, and both contribute to short and dysfunctional telomeres. Rate of telomere shortening may indicate the pace of aging. Many factors affect longevity, and the Yale research indicates that chronic stress can shorten one's lifespan. Stress was already known to exacerbate physical health problems, such as increased risk for heart attack or diabetes [25,26].
Under stress biological age can increase faster. Research has also indicated that stress caused by sleep deprivation increases signs of aging, such as fine lines, reduced elasticity, and uneven pigmentation [25]. The loss of skin elasticity may also contribute to the formation of bags under the eyes which can be reversed when the tension eases, but according to a study published today in Cell Metabolism. Researchers used DNA methylation clocks to measure and note changes in biological age as it responds to stress in humans and mice [26]
Clearly Auctoresonline and particularly Psychology and Mental Health Care Journal is dedicated to improving health care services for individuals and populations. The editorial boards' ability to efficiently recognize and share the global importance of health literacy with a variety of stakeholders. Auctoresonline publishing platform can be used to facilitate of optimal client-based services and should be added to health care professionals' repertoire of evidence-based health care resources.
Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Intervention The submission and review process was adequate. However I think that the publication total value should have been enlightened in early fases. Thank you for all.
Journal of Women Health Care and Issues By the present mail, I want to say thank to you and tour colleagues for facilitating my published article. Specially thank you for the peer review process, support from the editorial office. I appreciate positively the quality of your journal.
Journal of Clinical Research and Reports I would be very delighted to submit my testimonial regarding the reviewer board and the editorial office. The reviewer board were accurate and helpful regarding any modifications for my manuscript. And the editorial office were very helpful and supportive in contacting and monitoring with any update and offering help. It was my pleasure to contribute with your promising Journal and I am looking forward for more collaboration.
We would like to thank the Journal of Thoracic Disease and Cardiothoracic Surgery because of the services they provided us for our articles. The peer-review process was done in a very excellent time manner, and the opinions of the reviewers helped us to improve our manuscript further. The editorial office had an outstanding correspondence with us and guided us in many ways. During a hard time of the pandemic that is affecting every one of us tremendously, the editorial office helped us make everything easier for publishing scientific work. Hope for a more scientific relationship with your Journal.
The peer-review process which consisted high quality queries on the paper. I did answer six reviewers’ questions and comments before the paper was accepted. The support from the editorial office is excellent.
Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. I had the experience of publishing a research article recently. The whole process was simple from submission to publication. The reviewers made specific and valuable recommendations and corrections that improved the quality of my publication. I strongly recommend this Journal.
Dr. Katarzyna Byczkowska My testimonial covering: "The peer review process is quick and effective. The support from the editorial office is very professional and friendly. Quality of the Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on cardiology that is useful for other professionals in the field.
Thank you most sincerely, with regard to the support you have given in relation to the reviewing process and the processing of my article entitled "Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of The Prostate Gland: A Review and Update" for publication in your esteemed Journal, Journal of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics". The editorial team has been very supportive.
Testimony of Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology: work with your Reviews has been a educational and constructive experience. The editorial office were very helpful and supportive. It was a pleasure to contribute to your Journal.
Dr. Bernard Terkimbi Utoo, I am happy to publish my scientific work in Journal of Women Health Care and Issues (JWHCI). The manuscript submission was seamless and peer review process was top notch. I was amazed that 4 reviewers worked on the manuscript which made it a highly technical, standard and excellent quality paper. I appreciate the format and consideration for the APC as well as the speed of publication. It is my pleasure to continue with this scientific relationship with the esteem JWHCI.
This is an acknowledgment for peer reviewers, editorial board of Journal of Clinical Research and Reports. They show a lot of consideration for us as publishers for our research article “Evaluation of the different factors associated with side effects of COVID-19 vaccination on medical students, Mutah university, Al-Karak, Jordan”, in a very professional and easy way. This journal is one of outstanding medical journal.
Dear Hao Jiang, to Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing We greatly appreciate the efficient, professional and rapid processing of our paper by your team. If there is anything else we should do, please do not hesitate to let us know. On behalf of my co-authors, we would like to express our great appreciation to editor and reviewers.
As an author who has recently published in the journal "Brain and Neurological Disorders". I am delighted to provide a testimonial on the peer review process, editorial office support, and the overall quality of the journal. The peer review process at Brain and Neurological Disorders is rigorous and meticulous, ensuring that only high-quality, evidence-based research is published. The reviewers are experts in their fields, and their comments and suggestions were constructive and helped improve the quality of my manuscript. The review process was timely and efficient, with clear communication from the editorial office at each stage. The support from the editorial office was exceptional throughout the entire process. The editorial staff was responsive, professional, and always willing to help. They provided valuable guidance on formatting, structure, and ethical considerations, making the submission process seamless. Moreover, they kept me informed about the status of my manuscript and provided timely updates, which made the process less stressful. The journal Brain and Neurological Disorders is of the highest quality, with a strong focus on publishing cutting-edge research in the field of neurology. The articles published in this journal are well-researched, rigorously peer-reviewed, and written by experts in the field. The journal maintains high standards, ensuring that readers are provided with the most up-to-date and reliable information on brain and neurological disorders. In conclusion, I had a wonderful experience publishing in Brain and Neurological Disorders. The peer review process was thorough, the editorial office provided exceptional support, and the journal's quality is second to none. I would highly recommend this journal to any researcher working in the field of neurology and brain disorders.
Dear Agrippa Hilda, Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery, Editorial Coordinator, I trust this message finds you well. I want to extend my appreciation for considering my article for publication in your esteemed journal. I am pleased to provide a testimonial regarding the peer review process and the support received from your editorial office. The peer review process for my paper was carried out in a highly professional and thorough manner. The feedback and comments provided by the authors were constructive and very useful in improving the quality of the manuscript. This rigorous assessment process undoubtedly contributes to the high standards maintained by your journal.
International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. I strongly recommend to consider submitting your work to this high-quality journal. The support and availability of the Editorial staff is outstanding and the review process was both efficient and rigorous.
Thank you very much for publishing my Research Article titled “Comparing Treatment Outcome Of Allergic Rhinitis Patients After Using Fluticasone Nasal Spray And Nasal Douching" in the Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology. As Medical Professionals we are immensely benefited from study of various informative Articles and Papers published in this high quality Journal. I look forward to enriching my knowledge by regular study of the Journal and contribute my future work in the field of ENT through the Journal for use by the medical fraternity. The support from the Editorial office was excellent and very prompt. I also welcome the comments received from the readers of my Research Article.
Dear Erica Kelsey, Editorial Coordinator of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics Our team is very satisfied with the processing of our paper by your journal. That was fast, efficient, rigorous, but without unnecessary complications. We appreciated the very short time between the submission of the paper and its publication on line on your site.
I am very glad to say that the peer review process is very successful and fast and support from the Editorial Office. Therefore, I would like to continue our scientific relationship for a long time. And I especially thank you for your kindly attention towards my article. Have a good day!
"We recently published an article entitled “Influence of beta-Cyclodextrins upon the Degradation of Carbofuran Derivatives under Alkaline Conditions" in the Journal of “Pesticides and Biofertilizers” to show that the cyclodextrins protect the carbamates increasing their half-life time in the presence of basic conditions This will be very helpful to understand carbofuran behaviour in the analytical, agro-environmental and food areas. We greatly appreciated the interaction with the editor and the editorial team; we were particularly well accompanied during the course of the revision process, since all various steps towards publication were short and without delay".
I would like to express my gratitude towards you process of article review and submission. I found this to be very fair and expedient. Your follow up has been excellent. I have many publications in national and international journal and your process has been one of the best so far. Keep up the great work.
We are grateful for this opportunity to provide a glowing recommendation to the Journal of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy. We found that the editorial team were very supportive, helpful, kept us abreast of timelines and over all very professional in nature. The peer review process was rigorous, efficient and constructive that really enhanced our article submission. The experience with this journal remains one of our best ever and we look forward to providing future submissions in the near future.
I am very pleased to serve as EBM of the journal, I hope many years of my experience in stem cells can help the journal from one way or another. As we know, stem cells hold great potential for regenerative medicine, which are mostly used to promote the repair response of diseased, dysfunctional or injured tissue using stem cells or their derivatives. I think Stem Cell Research and Therapeutics International is a great platform to publish and share the understanding towards the biology and translational or clinical application of stem cells.
I would like to give my testimony in the support I have got by the peer review process and to support the editorial office where they were of asset to support young author like me to be encouraged to publish their work in your respected journal and globalize and share knowledge across the globe. I really give my great gratitude to your journal and the peer review including the editorial office.
I am delighted to publish our manuscript entitled "A Perspective on Cocaine Induced Stroke - Its Mechanisms and Management" in the Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. The peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal are excellent. The manuscripts published are of high quality and of excellent scientific value. I recommend this journal very much to colleagues.
Dr.Tania Muñoz, My experience as researcher and author of a review article in The Journal Clinical Cardiology and Interventions has been very enriching and stimulating. The editorial team is excellent, performs its work with absolute responsibility and delivery. They are proactive, dynamic and receptive to all proposals. Supporting at all times the vast universe of authors who choose them as an option for publication. The team of review specialists, members of the editorial board, are brilliant professionals, with remarkable performance in medical research and scientific methodology. Together they form a frontline team that consolidates the JCCI as a magnificent option for the publication and review of high-level medical articles and broad collective interest. I am honored to be able to share my review article and open to receive all your comments.
“The peer review process of JPMHC is quick and effective. Authors are benefited by good and professional reviewers with huge experience in the field of psychology and mental health. The support from the editorial office is very professional. People to contact to are friendly and happy to help and assist any query authors might have. Quality of the Journal is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on mental health that is useful for other professionals in the field”.
Dear editorial department: On behalf of our team, I hereby certify the reliability and superiority of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews in the peer review process, editorial support, and journal quality. Firstly, the peer review process of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is rigorous, fair, transparent, fast, and of high quality. The editorial department invites experts from relevant fields as anonymous reviewers to review all submitted manuscripts. These experts have rich academic backgrounds and experience, and can accurately evaluate the academic quality, originality, and suitability of manuscripts. The editorial department is committed to ensuring the rigor of the peer review process, while also making every effort to ensure a fast review cycle to meet the needs of authors and the academic community. Secondly, the editorial team of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is composed of a group of senior scholars and professionals with rich experience and professional knowledge in related fields. The editorial department is committed to assisting authors in improving their manuscripts, ensuring their academic accuracy, clarity, and completeness. Editors actively collaborate with authors, providing useful suggestions and feedback to promote the improvement and development of the manuscript. We believe that the support of the editorial department is one of the key factors in ensuring the quality of the journal. Finally, the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is renowned for its high- quality articles and strict academic standards. The editorial department is committed to publishing innovative and academically valuable research results to promote the development and progress of related fields. The International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is reasonably priced and ensures excellent service and quality ratio, allowing authors to obtain high-level academic publishing opportunities in an affordable manner. I hereby solemnly declare that the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews has a high level of credibility and superiority in terms of peer review process, editorial support, reasonable fees, and journal quality. Sincerely, Rui Tao.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions I testity the covering of the peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, we deeply appreciate the interest shown in our work and its publication. It has been a true pleasure to collaborate with you. The peer review process, as well as the support provided by the editorial office, have been exceptional, and the quality of the journal is very high, which was a determining factor in our decision to publish with you.
The peer reviewers process is quick and effective, the supports from editorial office is excellent, the quality of journal is high. I would like to collabroate with Internatioanl journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews journal clinically in the future time.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, I would like to express my sincerest gratitude for the trust placed in our team for the publication in your journal. It has been a true pleasure to collaborate with you on this project. I am pleased to inform you that both the peer review process and the attention from the editorial coordination have been excellent. Your team has worked with dedication and professionalism to ensure that your publication meets the highest standards of quality. We are confident that this collaboration will result in mutual success, and we are eager to see the fruits of this shared effort.
