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Editorial | DOI: https://doi.org/10.31579/2766-2314/136
*Corresponding Author: Mohamed Moumaris, Institute of Science and Technology, Research and Development Company, France.
Citation: Mohamed Moumaris, (2024), Unlocking the Potential: Overcoming Challenges in CAR-T Cell Therapy for Cancer Treatment, J, Biotechnology and Bioprocessing 5(2); DOI:10.31579/2766-2314/136
Copyright: © 2024, Mohamed Moumaris. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Received: 30 January 2024 | Accepted: 15 February 2024 | Published: 29 February 2024
Keywords: .
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CAR: Chimeric antigen receptor
Recent years have seen significant progress in cancer treatment, notably through innovations like immunotherapy and genetic modifications. However, the diverse nature of cancer cells, especially in solid tumors, remains a significant hurdle. While successes have been notable in blood-related cancers, extending therapies like CAR T cell therapy to solid tumors is complex. CAR T therapy is effective against B-cell malignancies and faces challenges in solid tumors due to the need for specific cancer antigens. This editorial examines CAR T therapy, particularly in solid tumors, highlighting the urgent need for new treatment approaches. Targeting antigens like B7-H3 shows promise, but obstacles remain, including understanding the tumor microenvironment and identifying suitable antigens.
Although medical progress, exemplified by advancements like immunotherapy and genetic modifications, has been remarkable, the formidable obstacle of cancer cell diversity still poses a significant challenge to effective cancer treatment. Most research has focused on blood-related cancers with limited application for solid tumors [1, 2]. CAR T therapy has demonstrated remarkable success in treating B-cell-related cancers, especially those focused on CD19. Extending CAR T cell therapy to solid tumors remains challenging due to the need for specific cancer antigens distinct from healthy tissues [3, 4]. CAR T cell therapy is promising for cancer treatment, particularly in pediatric solid tumors. This approach targets specific tumor antigens, such as B7-H3 [5, 6].
CAR T cells are used for treating B-cell malignancies, employing advanced genetic editing techniques to reduce the risk of graft-versus-host disease (Figure 1). CAR T cell therapy is an innovative approach for hematological cancers, especially those related to B-cells, modifying a patient's T-cells to express CARs targeting cancer cell markers [7, 8]. Allogeneic natural killer cells (NKTs) are an alternative to CAR T therapy. They have non-immunogenic properties, tumor-targeting with macrophages and specific CD8 T cells. CD19-targeted CAR T cell therapy has revolutionized the treatment of lymphoid malignancies, especially B cell lymphoma, with approved products and ongoing research exploring their application in various treatment stages, including central nervous system lymphoma treatment [9, 10].
CAR-T cell research primarily focuses on specific cells, such as lymphoma cells. However, it has broader applications, including enhancing regulatory T cells (Tregs) with CARs for antigen tolerance. This approach holds promise for organ transplantation and conditions like lupus [10, 11]. Challenges faced by CAR-T therapy to treat solid tumors are due to the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and limited target antigens. Researchers work on developing practical CAR T strategies for effective tumor treatment [12, 13].
Recent medical advancements have propelled cancer treatment forward, yet the diverse nature of cancer cells, especially in solid tumors, presents a significant challenge. While past research predominantly focused on blood-related cancers, breakthroughs like CAR T cell therapy have shown remarkable success in treating B-cell malignancies, hinting at broader applications in pediatric solid tumors. CAR T therapy's precision in targeting specific tumor antigens, such as B7-H3, underscores its potential as a potent oncological tool. Moreover, utilizing advanced genetic editing techniques to mitigate risks like graft-versus-host disease demonstrates the ongoing refinement of this therapy [14-34].
Despite persistent challenges in navigating the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and identifying suitable target antigens for solid tumors, ongoing research endeavors offer hope for overcoming these obstacles. Alternative approaches like allogeneic natural killer cells and expanding CAR-T therapy to include regulatory T cells show the rapid evolution of cancer treatment strategies. As we approach a new era in oncology characterized by personalized and targeted therapies, collaboration, innovation, and determination are key. Continuous dedication and interdisciplinary teamwork of CAR T cell therapy and similar treatments offer new hope for transforming cancer care, benefiting patients and caregivers in their relentless battle against the disease.
Figure 1: CAR-T cell
Figure 1: CAR-T cell therapy involves a multi-step process: (1) T cells are extracted from the patient, (2) A gene encoding a chimeric antigen receptor is introduced into these T cells, granting them the ability to target a specific antigen, (3) The genetically modified T cells are infused into the patient's body.
The author acknowledges Mrs. Norri Zahra and Mr. Regragui Moumaris. The author thinks Nisen Abuaf and Said Youssouf Chanfi (Sorbonne University). The author thinks Jean-Michel Bretagne (Assistance Puplique - Hôpitaux de Paris). The author thinks Marie-Hélène Maës and Monique Abuaf (16th district of Paris).
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