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Copyright: © 2018. Rae.Z.H.Aliyev. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Received: 30 November -0001 | Accepted: 01 January 1970 | Published: 01 January 1970
Keywords:
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Amount of erosion and its designation
Vodoprochnyeaggregates more than 1 mm
Productivity
nitrogen
Reducing the stock of humus,%
The condition of crops
Very slabojerodirovannaja
Very slabojerodirovannaja
Srednojerodirovannaja
Very silnojerodirovannaja
Diagnostic indicators of varying degrees of erosion the mountain-Brown stepped soils
Nejerodirovannye soils are distinguished from eroded visible differentiation of soil profile and greater capacity. Good arable and 2 layers.
In the past appears gray-Brown-influence of alluvion horizon. Subsurface layer is visibly detectable seal and meet the selection of carbonates. Structure of silt-clotted, and Virgin soil-clotted well expressed.
The degree of erosion for each subtype of soils is installed and depending on what part of the soil profile washed away or deformed horizon from which topsoil is emerging, what is the average percentage yield compared to harvest on nejerodirovannyh soils, and what is the steepness of slope in degrees. The degree of erosion of soil also depends on the shape of the slope, its length and exposure, the correctness of management, anti-erosion of sustainability, which includes a variety of mechanical, chemical and physical properties. Therefore, on the slopes of the same slope soils can be one, but different subtype of erosion.
The average harvest is a very important indicator in determining the extent of erosion of the soil.
In the field soil fertility was determined visually, morphologically the soil profile and the State of the plants on this site.
Table 1. It can be seen that as the degree of erosion decreased power reserve a + b horizons of humus within certain limits. It should be noted that the supply of humus (in tones) is calculated taking into account the nitrogen and phosphorus. In addition, crop data, classification of eroded soils, somewhat understated. Follow our multi-year research indicators that the harvest of winter wheat at very slabojerodirovannyh mining and Brown soils in the rolling average is reduced to 10% for medium-eroded-to 25%, and silnojerodirovannyh-up to 75% compared with crops on nejerodirovannyh soils.
Taking into account local characteristics of soils, we adopted the following grouped by degree of soil erosion.
Jerodirovannost land, which is set depending on the steepness and slope exposure, the depth of local bases, erosion degree of erosion, the nature of the underlying rocks, belonging to one or other farmland.
Graduation steepness of slopes for arable land had been taken following 0-1; 1-3; 3-5; 5-8; 8-12 and more than 12. For all other land 0-1; 1-3; 3-5; 5-8; 8-12; 12-20; 20-30; 30-45 and more. On the slopes following graduation be taken exposure: North, North-East, Northeast, Northwest, East, West, South West, South East and the South.
Gradation of depth of local bases were taken following erosion: 0-20; 20-50; 50-100; 100-150; 150-200; 200-300; 300-400; 500-600; 600-800; 800-1000 m and more. According to the degree of erosion of different categories of eroded land soderzhan as soil one degree of erosion and their complexes. Also take into account the nature of the underlying rocks and their density. For each of the selected groups and categories of eroded land have been given advice on how to use them and to apply erosion control activities.
The main allocation of eroded land are soil maps that reflect all the contours of eroded soils and farmland. Used and supporting special cards steepness, exposure, slopes and depth of local bases of erosion.
In recent years, there has been significant growth in the areas of eroded soils, associated with the thoroughness research allocation of eroded land, not previously considered.
First of all, the question arises on the diagnostic indicators to assess the extent of erosion of the soil. Sometimes use indicators that determine risk of erosion. For example, in some cases, assessment of erosion of arable soil set based on the data distribution of arable land on the slope. Of course, the steeper slopes, so all things being equal on them increases the degree of soil erosion. However, these are not always equal terms, so the soil more steep slopes might be less are affected by erosion than on gentle (table 2).
As can be seen from table 6, the north-eastern part of the Greater Caucasus arable land on terrain conditions are more favourable than in the South-Eastern or southern parts of the Greater Caucasus. Therefore, the soil here is relatively less erodirovannyj. This is largely due to the relatively higher conservation soil stability, favourable rainfall and pochvozashhitnoj role of vegetation.
Soil erosion studies in the Republic of Azerbaijan, so factor exposure slopes more often affects distribution of eroded soils than the steepness of slopes. So when surveyed in the forest zone of Gorno-Brown soil stepped on one of the sites with slope-15-200 were found on the southern slope of the silnojerodirovannye soil, and on the slopes of the Northern exposure with a slope of0-15-20 slabojerodirovannye. It was installed a great influence on the distribution of soil exposure. So, on the slopes of the Northern exposure when slopes 8-120 Gorno-Brown stepped soils wash is 19.2 m/ha, and in similar circumstances, southern exposure, soil washout reaches 45.8 m/ha. If on the slopes of the southern exposure medium and silnojerodirovannye soils occupy 41.2% of the area, on the slopes of Northern exposure in similar circumstances-just 9.8%.
Square units of each category and groups of eroded land have been calculated, taking into account the genetic soil types. As a result, it became possible to compose the explication of eroded land in the Republic. In explicating contains data on the number of each type of eroded soils varying degrees of erosion on slopes or another surface, consisting of various agricultural land.
Further synthesis of erosion of land is to bring them into the Republican maps, where, with the aim of zoning activities rise shows the dependence of the soil cover. To highlight eroded territories the following gradation of the basis for allocating themselves land.
Based on the data mapping of eroded soils, as well as off-site work a map of soil erosion of the Azerbaijan Republic with the following application:
1. Square the lack of erosion:
-do not subject to erosion under forests;
-not prone to soil erosion, natural haymaking and marsh vegetation;
-soil, in conjunction with such land, as deposits, gardens.
2. Area prone to erosion:
Depending on the amount of soil with varying degrees of destruction of genetic horizons lands are divided into five groups:
1. Very slabojerodirovannye land, where slabosmytye a difference constitute no more than 10% and medium-and silnosmytye soils are not available.
2. Slabojerodirovannye land, where the total area of eroded differences make up 25%. slabosmytyh soil Area-20%, srednesmytyh-no more than 5%, and silnosmytye soils are not available.
3. Soil Srednejerodirovannye. Only up to 50% of eroded soils square of contours with srednejerodirovannymi soil reaches 30%, slabojerodirovannyh-up to 15% and silnojerodirovannyh-up to 5% and highly silnojerodirovannye soils are not available.
4. Silnojerodirovannye soil Jerodirovannost soil is about 75% of the total area of them silnojerodirovannye-40%, srednejerodirovannye-up to 25% and very silnojerodirovannye-10%.
5. Very silnojerodirovannye of soil Eroded area. represent more than 75% of them very silnojerodirovannye-more than 50%, medium, silnojerodirovannye-more than 25%.
Given our experience, we fully share the views of A.s. Kozmenko, g.a. Presnyakova, S.s., Sobolev K. Alekperova, m.n. Zaslavsky that coloring the top layer of soil can be taken as the rate of erosion.
In the nesmytyh-colour dark brown, humus content-5.0%, 0.30%, nitrogen-phosphorus-0.22% absorption capacity-35 mjekv on 100 g of soil, vodoprochnost structural units-more than 1 mm 52%.
Very slabosmytye. Horizon and washed not more than 20%, the color of the soil is not very different from the nesmytyh. Humus content in the upper horizon is 4.6%, nitrogen-0.28%, phosphorus-0.19% absorption capacity-32.5 mjekv, number of vodoprochnyh units over 1 mm 48%. Yields 10% below than nesmytyh.
Slabosmytye. Horizon and from 20 to 50% washed Brown, humus content-4.0%, nitrogen-0.24%, phosphorus-0.16%, absorption capacity-28.8 mjekv, number of vodoprochnyh units-48%. Yields below (from 10 up to 25%), than nesmtyh.
Srednesmytye. Horizon and washed away completely, soil color, light brown, humus content-2.8%-0.18% nitrogen, phosphorus-0.10%, absorption capacity is 23.8 mjekv, vodoprochnye units-30%, yields below 50% of up to 25 than nesmytyh.
Silnosmytye. Washed horizon1, soil color yellow with brownish tinge. The content of humus-1.2%-0.8% nitrogen, phosphorus-0.05%, absorption capacity-mjekv vodoprochnyh, 14.5-18%, yield-from 50 to 75% (table 4.3).
Very silnosmytye. Washed away completely the soil layer on the surface of exposed, loose and hard woods.
General provisions for the classification of eroded soils are the following: selection of diagnostic indicators to determine degrees of erosion of soil, suitable quantity allocated to degrees of erosion soil standards to ascertain their degree of erosion.
Brown-soil erosion degree stepped is invited to determine to reduce genetic horizons and humus content reduction in horizons and + to very slabojerodirovannym it is recommended to classify the soil in which compared to the reduction of non-eroded up to 20% and horizon and humus to 10%, to slabojerodirovannym respectively 10-25% to srednejerodirovannym%, 25-50-silnojerodirovannym-50-75%.
These gradations are offered, taking into account the variation in the humus content in soil and nesmytyh laboratory error definitions.
Determination of the degree of erosion of soils based on quantitative change in humus content in the surface layer of soil-is an accurate and objective method that can be used in exposed soil mapping mining-Brown soil and stepped close to him on the genesis of soils.
Genetic horizons Smytost,%
Slightly below average
Srednejerodirovannaja
Very silnojerodirovannaja
The degree of soil erosion
Natural hayfields and pastures, is constantly covered with vegetation, considered the most effective anti-erosion form of land use. However, due to the deprivation of the protective cover on the slopes increased run-off of soil, which contributes to erosive process.
In their geographical distribution of erosion on pasture are manifested in a particular area of subordination, which is confined to certain areas and bioklimaticheskim is a product of the evolution of the bio-climatic Wednesday.
Depending on the degree of development of erosive process, the nature of vegetation and soil generic breeds, each selected type of erosion is divided into subtypes and variants.
Grouping of eroded soils of the Republic covers the main natural-landscape zones, taking into account the landscape-klimaticheskihh subject to each zone.
Highland climate differs harsh long protracted winter pokrovam snow and frost. Summers are short and cool.
The average annual temperature does not exceed 3.2 -4.10, and the coldest month (January) range from-4.6 to 7.90temperature warmest month (July) is low, ranging from 12.9 to 13.70, sum of temperatures above 100 very low and average does not exceed 800-600. Duration of the frost-free period 1-2 months, vegetation period lasts 90-120 days.
The average annual rainfall 610-1210 mm, moisture ratio 1.52 -1.22, total solar radiation (annual) changes within 144-156 kcal/cm2. By bringing the climate indicators all territory of Highlands refers to wet (MD < 0.45) and cold (∑ Τ > 800) climatic type.
Floristic composition of the vegetation is extremely heterogeneous and varies with altitude. In the most elevated part of the vegetation is not hemispherical pokrovam groups skalnoossypej (lichens, algae, etc.) For the Alpine meadows are typical plotnodernovye meadows with zlakovooskovymi components. Subalpine meadows are presented cenozami cereals, grasses, thickets of rhododendron, and in relatively dry parts of the Meadow-steppe communities.
The main soil types are: mountain-meadow, mountain-forest-meadow and mountain-meadow-steppe.
Agricultural production is weak, the zone mostly rich summer pastures and mowed lands and are the basis for the development of transhumance (sheep) and fodder production.
Alpine and subalpine meadows, the main area which is occupied by pastures, soil erosion is the factor, which is closely connected the water balance of the area.
Stripped of protective vegetation, soil sloping land can't absorb the snow and rain water. This leads to an increase in surface runoff which enhances ripple rivers. As a result of violations of the hydrological regime of the territory, which is due mainly to the removal of forest and grassy vegetation, knocking in the rivers of the mountain areas there are often very strong prepady in the volume of river flow. A large loss of water runoff regime of rivers worsens as snow, and especially power snegodozhdevogo. This, in turn, reduces the ability of irrigation of the rivers on the territory of the foothill Plains, necessitates the use of large irrigation and reclamation work.
Erosive processes that resulted from the degradation of the vegetation of pasture, contributing to a sharp drop in the productivity of pastures. Therefore, soil erosion and deterioration in the quality of grass-closely related processes. A well-developed natural grass cover markedly increases the resistance not only on quantitative indicators of pasture plants, but also leads to a restructuring of phytocoenosis.
From the total area of 2402.3 thousand. GA mountain pastures more 1985.8 thousand hectares or 82.7% are prone to erosion. Pastures depending on subband and exposure of the slope wash soil ranges from 50 to 125 m3/HA. From these studies derives great economical importance is the study of pasture erosion in mountainous areas and the development of techniques to prevent and combat it.
When developing differential measures for the improvement and rational use of pastures, there is always a need for classification and grouping of grazing land for their quality. It should be noted, however, that classification pasture erosion has now developed enough. Moreover, even the phenomenon of erosion on pasture lands has not been a specific place in the common grouping of erosive processes, although the nature of the manifestations of pasture erosion is very much different from other types or categories of erosion.
On the classification of eroded soils of mountain pastures known work Va Meeting (1958), D.j. Mikhailova (1959), Sw Kerimhanova (1972). In these works the grouping of soils on pastures degree before they are destroyed.
In the forms of accelerated erosion caused by human activities, have a lot in common. However, depending on the reason that caused the manifestation of erosion, these forms have their own characteristics.
The nature of the manifestations of the erosion of mountain pastures pretty sharply differs from erosion on cultivated hillsides. Erosion processes on the pastures start to develop normally, since damage to the turf.
Mountain pasture soil destruction process has no similarities with the formation of gullies and potholes. The length of the pits not always exceeds their width, and availability under lower-powered soil layer waterproof dense rocks negates the growth of pits deep. Further growth in the size of erosion pits usually occurs through the broken walls, sliding down the slope of sod places preserved woven roots and reminiscent of education in the second stage of its development.
Raised near each other erosive pits are often steep walls and extending are interconnected, forming patches or streaks of eroded soil. As the further destruction of the soil occurs more or less gradual alignment of bugorchatogo through the shedding of microrelief, and under the influence of склонового runoff.
Such a specific nature of the manifestations of erosion on mountain pastures requires, firstly, providing pasture erosion in independent or category subtype, secondly, development of appropriate soil classification according to the degree of their erosion.
Based on long-term observations, taking into account the peculiarities of the destructive processes of soils influenced by the unrestrained grazing of livestock, it is proposed that the draft classification pasture erosion on erosion degree (table 4.) taking into account the consistency of the process of deformation of dernennogo layer.
The total area of paths: < 10% of the account area
Classification of pasture erosion on hillsides
Research indicates the possibility of using cultural vegetation cropland and grass native grasslands in order to clarify the erosive soil survey data.
On the plots under sowing of field crops traits for which you can define the degree. With the increasing steepness of slopes the ability to use crops as indicators of soil erosion is reduced.
The degree of soil erosion of natural grassland soils can be estimated based on existing dependencies between the height of the grass plants and extent of soil erosion.
Pretty strong jerodirovannost soils of sloping meadows can be recognized for environmental regimes of vegetation habitats.
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