AUCTORES
Globalize your Research
Research Article | DOI: https://doi.org/10.31579/2639-4162/005
1 Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutic, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Jl. Dr Mansur No 5 Medan, 20255, Indonesia
2 Department of Anatomi, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara,Medan 20255, Indonesia
3 Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara,Medan 20255, Indonesia
4 Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara,Medan 20255, Indonesia
*Corresponding Author: Yunita Sari Pane, Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutic, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Indonesia.
Citation: ita Sari Pane, Sufitni, Yetty Machrina, Yuki Yunanda. The Influence On Bodyweight In Male Mice (Mus Musculus) Induced By Monosodium Glutamate (Msg), J. General Medicine and Clinical Practice. Doi:10.31579/2639-4162/005
Copyright: © 2018 Yunita Sari Pane. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Received: 16 August 2018 | Accepted: 28 August 2018 | Published: 03 September 2018
Keywords: Monosodium glutamate, bodyweight, MSG, mice.
The used of monosodium glutamate (MSG) oftenly found in almost every food that we consumed everyday. It suggested that MSG can increase appetite, can caused intake much foods, and increased the bodyweight. The aim of study is to prove the changes that occur in male mice by induce of MSG.
The experimental study used 24 male mice, 30-45 gram, 12-14 weeks divided into 4 groups, ie group-I (negative control/placebo given aquadest 0.2 cc/20gBW mice); group-II, MSG with the dose of 5 mg/gBW mice); group-III, MSG with the dose of 10 mg/gBW mice and group-IV, MSG with the dose of 20 mg/gBW mice. All of these treatments were administered orally for 14 days. Permanent cervical fracture execution was performed at the end of the study. The body weight measured in pre and post treatment. The significant difference of data between different groups was compared by ANOVA followed by Tukey test. The compared of between pre –post treatment used paired test to analyze the changes of bodyweight
This study proved that the comparison of mean values ± SEM of body weight between groups were not significantly different; group I (39,83±3,26), group II (39,33±2,04), group III (38,00±1,39) and group IV (38,33±1,76) (p = 0.930) and the changes of bodyweight pre and post treatmen also not significantly different, whereas p > 0.05.
The study concluded that no changes in the body weight between groups and pasca induced by MSG. In the future studies, we consider to examining the effects MSG with longer of duration and more variations doses in MSG.
Monosodium -L-glutamate is a sodium salt from glutamic acid which is widely used as flavoring ingredients (as flavoring food) .The opinions related to the adverse effects of consuming monosodium glutamate (MSG) had we found from few of studies Much of the adverse effects on human organs becaused of MSG. Although, it has been known to have bad side effects such as damage to the liver, kidneys, brain, reproductive organs and effect to the body weight. The researcher reported their results, some argue that MSG can increase body weight (Kim et al., 2005), some argue can lose weight (Merrett, 2008), there are even studies that do not find the effect of giving MSG for weight (Tordoff, Aleman and Murphy, 2012). As we all known if the body weight uncontrolled for in alongtime, it can caused various diseases such as dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus which can cause complications and even death.
Body weight is regulated by neural and endocrine components that affect energy input and expenditure. Changes in body weight due to overfeeding or lack of food intake (food deprivation) triggers physiological changes that counteract these two things, for example due to overfeeding, decreased appetite and increased energy expenditure (Longo et al., 2012).
Glutamate provides umami flavor which is the basic taste of sweet, salty, sour and bitter taste (Mallick, 2007). The optimal concentration of monosodium glutamate which can produce delicious effects is 0.2-0.8% and can be used in calorie reduction which can reduce its deliciousness. The maximum dose of MSG that can provide a taste enhancing effect on humans is 60 mg/kgBB.
MSG compounds consist of 78% glutamate, 12% sodium and 10% air. Monosodium glutamate when dissolved in air or saliva will dissociate into free salt and form glutamate anions. Glutamate will open Ca2 + channels in neurons which are located in the sense of taste which allows Ca2 + to move into the cell and fill the receptor depolarization and potential actions that lead to the brain as a delicious taste (Iswara & Yonata, 2016).
The experimental study used 24 mice, male, 20-40 gram body weight, 10-12 weeks, were divided into 4 groups, ie group-I (negative control/ placebo given aquadest 0.2 cc/mice); group-II, MSG with the dose of 5 mg/gBW mice); group-III, MSG with the dose of 10 mg/gBW mice and group-IV, MSG with the dose of 20 mg/gBW mice. All of the treatment were administered orally for 14 days. Permanent cervical fracture execution was performed at the end of the study. The body weight measured in pre and post treatment.
Data analysis
The results were analyzed using SPSS and ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc to see differences between groups. If the data is not normally distributed, it was analyzed by Kruskal wallis. To see the difference between pre and post in the same group using paired test, if the data is not normally distributed, continue with Wilcoxon.
Results And Discussion
The effect on bodyweight induced MSG during 14 days treatment, displayed in Table1
BODY WEIGHT MALE MICE |
Table 1. Mean of Body Weight on 4 groups male mice (gram)
*the number of each group n=6
Both of the ANOVA and Paired analysis test were no significantly difference in all treatment groups (P≥0.05). Therefore it can be reported that there is no difference in mean weight both between groups and differences in each group pre and post induced by MSG.
This study proved that there were no differences in body weight changes before and after treatment, although from the mean pre and post test it seemed to increase, but it was not statistically significantly different (p> 0.05). This supports the research conducted by Tordoff, Aleman and Murphy (2012) which states there is no evidence that MSG is influence body weight, energy intake, or body composition. Glutamate and disodium 5 "-inatinate (IMP) are 2 amino acids that can be relied upon as stimulants for appetite and oral metabolism. Addition of glutamate and IMP to high protein has a significant effect on appetite and has no effect on energy. It can be have no an impact on body weight.
Penelitian Paramudita (2017) reported there was significantly different between mean of bodyweight mice induced MSG (2 mg/gBB) compare to control group (p = 0.005) during 28 days treatment. It maybe cause of addition of glutamate to food increases the quality of umami flavor. The metabolism of the body of glutamate added to food and natural glutamate in food in the same way The limit of MSG metabolism is 30mg / kg / day which means it is enough in 2.5-3.5 grams per day. -70kg. MSG enters the body through digestion. MSG binds to the cell receptor (TRC) in taste. TRC together with chemicals and guidance in the brain. Glutamic acid is produced by several receptors, namely ionotropic (iGluR) and metabotropic (mGluR). Pharmacologically, iGluR is defined as NMDA, AMPA and Kainate receptors. Glutamate receptors are found in the central, oral, pulmonary, intestinal and muscular nervous systems (Mallick, 2007). L-glutamate binds to mGluR4 (metabotropic glutamate receptor). mGluR4 breaks down the L-glutamate bond, then liberates L-glutamate from being sent to the brain and binds to the glutamate receptors in the brain which will be served as umami flavors. In addition, L-glutamate can also continue ionization which can affect certain receptors such as amino acids or other glutamate receptors that induce umami taste (Mallick, 2007). Olney's research in 1969 first reported this association, in which male and female rats experienced weight loss after being given high-dose MSG during the initial life of up to 4 months compared with the control group. Damage to the hypothalamus found on animal study. Researchers thought that regulate fat have more influence on the incidence of obesity, compared to the effects of appetite. Recently, the MSG-obesity hypothesis has provided, for example, MSG consumption can deliver neurons to the arcuate nucleus and highlight signal delivery by leptin, which causes leptin resistance and also obesity (He et al., 2008).
An alternative analysis about MSG and obesity is that MSG may have an effect on guest compliance. Adipsin is synthesized and secreted by adipocytes. Decreased provisions of adipin are considered to be related to obesity in experimental animals. Mice given MSG have 50% lower adipinine serum and have body fat performance that is greater than the muscle mass of the control group (He et al., 2008).
Kim et al. (2005) reported mice given MSG (4 g/kg subcutaneously) occured obesity, hypophagia, and decrease thermogenic activity that occurs as a result of sympathetics, which correlates with increase of body weight in this study. Furthermore, MTII (intracerebroventri-cular melanocortin receptor agonist) was performed intracerebroventrically for 7 days, which was expected to give leptin effects as in fat mice. There is an anorexigenic and thermogenic effect in the treatment group. Provides MTII and increases MC4R expression, and decreases AGRP expression (Kim et al., 2005). Nagata's study was conducted on mice with 2 mg / g subcutaneous MSG dose. The body weight did not have a significant effect, but there was a significant increase in organ weight (VWAT / visceral white adipose tissue, IBAT / inter-scapular chocolate, aorta, and cerebral adipose tissue) which weighed at week 54 compared to the control group. There are no polyphagia or polydipsia during 6 weeks. This shows that obesity is not expressed by polyphagia (Nagata et al., 2006). The arcuate nucleus is the largest part of the hypothalamus from nerve damage due to MSG exposure.
Our study demonstrated that there are increasing of body weight on mice male induced by MSG, although in statistical there were no significantly differenr increasing of the body weight the mice, In future study, we consider to to examining the effects MSG with longer of duration and more variations doses in MSG. we are interested to do new research on different gender (female) or combination in a larger number of mice and more parameters to prove whether there is/not hormonal linkages with weight gain.
The authors are grateful to Lembaga Penelitian Universitas Sumatera Utara which has provided funding support through research project number:5338/UN5.1R/PPM/2017.
Clearly Auctoresonline and particularly Psychology and Mental Health Care Journal is dedicated to improving health care services for individuals and populations. The editorial boards' ability to efficiently recognize and share the global importance of health literacy with a variety of stakeholders. Auctoresonline publishing platform can be used to facilitate of optimal client-based services and should be added to health care professionals' repertoire of evidence-based health care resources.
Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Intervention The submission and review process was adequate. However I think that the publication total value should have been enlightened in early fases. Thank you for all.
Journal of Women Health Care and Issues By the present mail, I want to say thank to you and tour colleagues for facilitating my published article. Specially thank you for the peer review process, support from the editorial office. I appreciate positively the quality of your journal.
Journal of Clinical Research and Reports I would be very delighted to submit my testimonial regarding the reviewer board and the editorial office. The reviewer board were accurate and helpful regarding any modifications for my manuscript. And the editorial office were very helpful and supportive in contacting and monitoring with any update and offering help. It was my pleasure to contribute with your promising Journal and I am looking forward for more collaboration.
We would like to thank the Journal of Thoracic Disease and Cardiothoracic Surgery because of the services they provided us for our articles. The peer-review process was done in a very excellent time manner, and the opinions of the reviewers helped us to improve our manuscript further. The editorial office had an outstanding correspondence with us and guided us in many ways. During a hard time of the pandemic that is affecting every one of us tremendously, the editorial office helped us make everything easier for publishing scientific work. Hope for a more scientific relationship with your Journal.
The peer-review process which consisted high quality queries on the paper. I did answer six reviewers’ questions and comments before the paper was accepted. The support from the editorial office is excellent.
Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. I had the experience of publishing a research article recently. The whole process was simple from submission to publication. The reviewers made specific and valuable recommendations and corrections that improved the quality of my publication. I strongly recommend this Journal.
Dr. Katarzyna Byczkowska My testimonial covering: "The peer review process is quick and effective. The support from the editorial office is very professional and friendly. Quality of the Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on cardiology that is useful for other professionals in the field.
Thank you most sincerely, with regard to the support you have given in relation to the reviewing process and the processing of my article entitled "Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of The Prostate Gland: A Review and Update" for publication in your esteemed Journal, Journal of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics". The editorial team has been very supportive.
Testimony of Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology: work with your Reviews has been a educational and constructive experience. The editorial office were very helpful and supportive. It was a pleasure to contribute to your Journal.
Dr. Bernard Terkimbi Utoo, I am happy to publish my scientific work in Journal of Women Health Care and Issues (JWHCI). The manuscript submission was seamless and peer review process was top notch. I was amazed that 4 reviewers worked on the manuscript which made it a highly technical, standard and excellent quality paper. I appreciate the format and consideration for the APC as well as the speed of publication. It is my pleasure to continue with this scientific relationship with the esteem JWHCI.
This is an acknowledgment for peer reviewers, editorial board of Journal of Clinical Research and Reports. They show a lot of consideration for us as publishers for our research article “Evaluation of the different factors associated with side effects of COVID-19 vaccination on medical students, Mutah university, Al-Karak, Jordan”, in a very professional and easy way. This journal is one of outstanding medical journal.
Dear Hao Jiang, to Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing We greatly appreciate the efficient, professional and rapid processing of our paper by your team. If there is anything else we should do, please do not hesitate to let us know. On behalf of my co-authors, we would like to express our great appreciation to editor and reviewers.
As an author who has recently published in the journal "Brain and Neurological Disorders". I am delighted to provide a testimonial on the peer review process, editorial office support, and the overall quality of the journal. The peer review process at Brain and Neurological Disorders is rigorous and meticulous, ensuring that only high-quality, evidence-based research is published. The reviewers are experts in their fields, and their comments and suggestions were constructive and helped improve the quality of my manuscript. The review process was timely and efficient, with clear communication from the editorial office at each stage. The support from the editorial office was exceptional throughout the entire process. The editorial staff was responsive, professional, and always willing to help. They provided valuable guidance on formatting, structure, and ethical considerations, making the submission process seamless. Moreover, they kept me informed about the status of my manuscript and provided timely updates, which made the process less stressful. The journal Brain and Neurological Disorders is of the highest quality, with a strong focus on publishing cutting-edge research in the field of neurology. The articles published in this journal are well-researched, rigorously peer-reviewed, and written by experts in the field. The journal maintains high standards, ensuring that readers are provided with the most up-to-date and reliable information on brain and neurological disorders. In conclusion, I had a wonderful experience publishing in Brain and Neurological Disorders. The peer review process was thorough, the editorial office provided exceptional support, and the journal's quality is second to none. I would highly recommend this journal to any researcher working in the field of neurology and brain disorders.
Dear Agrippa Hilda, Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery, Editorial Coordinator, I trust this message finds you well. I want to extend my appreciation for considering my article for publication in your esteemed journal. I am pleased to provide a testimonial regarding the peer review process and the support received from your editorial office. The peer review process for my paper was carried out in a highly professional and thorough manner. The feedback and comments provided by the authors were constructive and very useful in improving the quality of the manuscript. This rigorous assessment process undoubtedly contributes to the high standards maintained by your journal.
International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. I strongly recommend to consider submitting your work to this high-quality journal. The support and availability of the Editorial staff is outstanding and the review process was both efficient and rigorous.
Thank you very much for publishing my Research Article titled “Comparing Treatment Outcome Of Allergic Rhinitis Patients After Using Fluticasone Nasal Spray And Nasal Douching" in the Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology. As Medical Professionals we are immensely benefited from study of various informative Articles and Papers published in this high quality Journal. I look forward to enriching my knowledge by regular study of the Journal and contribute my future work in the field of ENT through the Journal for use by the medical fraternity. The support from the Editorial office was excellent and very prompt. I also welcome the comments received from the readers of my Research Article.
Dear Erica Kelsey, Editorial Coordinator of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics Our team is very satisfied with the processing of our paper by your journal. That was fast, efficient, rigorous, but without unnecessary complications. We appreciated the very short time between the submission of the paper and its publication on line on your site.
I am very glad to say that the peer review process is very successful and fast and support from the Editorial Office. Therefore, I would like to continue our scientific relationship for a long time. And I especially thank you for your kindly attention towards my article. Have a good day!
"We recently published an article entitled “Influence of beta-Cyclodextrins upon the Degradation of Carbofuran Derivatives under Alkaline Conditions" in the Journal of “Pesticides and Biofertilizers” to show that the cyclodextrins protect the carbamates increasing their half-life time in the presence of basic conditions This will be very helpful to understand carbofuran behaviour in the analytical, agro-environmental and food areas. We greatly appreciated the interaction with the editor and the editorial team; we were particularly well accompanied during the course of the revision process, since all various steps towards publication were short and without delay".
I would like to express my gratitude towards you process of article review and submission. I found this to be very fair and expedient. Your follow up has been excellent. I have many publications in national and international journal and your process has been one of the best so far. Keep up the great work.
We are grateful for this opportunity to provide a glowing recommendation to the Journal of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy. We found that the editorial team were very supportive, helpful, kept us abreast of timelines and over all very professional in nature. The peer review process was rigorous, efficient and constructive that really enhanced our article submission. The experience with this journal remains one of our best ever and we look forward to providing future submissions in the near future.
I am very pleased to serve as EBM of the journal, I hope many years of my experience in stem cells can help the journal from one way or another. As we know, stem cells hold great potential for regenerative medicine, which are mostly used to promote the repair response of diseased, dysfunctional or injured tissue using stem cells or their derivatives. I think Stem Cell Research and Therapeutics International is a great platform to publish and share the understanding towards the biology and translational or clinical application of stem cells.
I would like to give my testimony in the support I have got by the peer review process and to support the editorial office where they were of asset to support young author like me to be encouraged to publish their work in your respected journal and globalize and share knowledge across the globe. I really give my great gratitude to your journal and the peer review including the editorial office.
I am delighted to publish our manuscript entitled "A Perspective on Cocaine Induced Stroke - Its Mechanisms and Management" in the Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. The peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal are excellent. The manuscripts published are of high quality and of excellent scientific value. I recommend this journal very much to colleagues.
Dr.Tania Muñoz, My experience as researcher and author of a review article in The Journal Clinical Cardiology and Interventions has been very enriching and stimulating. The editorial team is excellent, performs its work with absolute responsibility and delivery. They are proactive, dynamic and receptive to all proposals. Supporting at all times the vast universe of authors who choose them as an option for publication. The team of review specialists, members of the editorial board, are brilliant professionals, with remarkable performance in medical research and scientific methodology. Together they form a frontline team that consolidates the JCCI as a magnificent option for the publication and review of high-level medical articles and broad collective interest. I am honored to be able to share my review article and open to receive all your comments.
“The peer review process of JPMHC is quick and effective. Authors are benefited by good and professional reviewers with huge experience in the field of psychology and mental health. The support from the editorial office is very professional. People to contact to are friendly and happy to help and assist any query authors might have. Quality of the Journal is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on mental health that is useful for other professionals in the field”.
Dear editorial department: On behalf of our team, I hereby certify the reliability and superiority of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews in the peer review process, editorial support, and journal quality. Firstly, the peer review process of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is rigorous, fair, transparent, fast, and of high quality. The editorial department invites experts from relevant fields as anonymous reviewers to review all submitted manuscripts. These experts have rich academic backgrounds and experience, and can accurately evaluate the academic quality, originality, and suitability of manuscripts. The editorial department is committed to ensuring the rigor of the peer review process, while also making every effort to ensure a fast review cycle to meet the needs of authors and the academic community. Secondly, the editorial team of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is composed of a group of senior scholars and professionals with rich experience and professional knowledge in related fields. The editorial department is committed to assisting authors in improving their manuscripts, ensuring their academic accuracy, clarity, and completeness. Editors actively collaborate with authors, providing useful suggestions and feedback to promote the improvement and development of the manuscript. We believe that the support of the editorial department is one of the key factors in ensuring the quality of the journal. Finally, the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is renowned for its high- quality articles and strict academic standards. The editorial department is committed to publishing innovative and academically valuable research results to promote the development and progress of related fields. The International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is reasonably priced and ensures excellent service and quality ratio, allowing authors to obtain high-level academic publishing opportunities in an affordable manner. I hereby solemnly declare that the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews has a high level of credibility and superiority in terms of peer review process, editorial support, reasonable fees, and journal quality. Sincerely, Rui Tao.
